U.s. jails today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

U.s. jails today - Essay Example Figure 1 illustrates how far the US-prisoner rate than those of other developed countries.   PEW estimated that in 2008 2,319,258 of the US population are incarcerated (7). These statistics are very far from those of China, one of the most populated countries in the world. China’s incarcerated rate is estimated to be at 1.5 million of their population only (Hutchins 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the ratio of prisoners per 100,000 individuals of the US population grew from 193 in 1995 to 259 in 2007. Based on the study of the Bureau of Justice Statistics, on average, 15,502 sleeping beds were added in jails during the past 12 months in 2007. The additional beds summed up a total rated capacity of 813,502 beds and in the middle of 2007, 96% of these beds were already used and inhabited by inmates (Bureau of Justice Statistics, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/jails.htm). To maintain such overwhelming number of prisoners, correctional facilities, polices, and support groups should also be at par with the number of prisoners. With the rapid growing population of inmates in the US, expenditure in jails, correction, support facilities, and others are also increasing dramatically.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the figure above, there has been a humungous increase in the expenditure of the criminal-justice functions. In the police function there had been an increased of 396% from the average expenditure of 1982 to the average expenditure in 2005. With regards to correctional and judicial expenses, the same trend occurred with the police functions. Both correctional and judicial expenses in 2005 had an increase of 619% and 474%, respectively, from its values in 1982.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To accommodate a common inmate, an average of $23,876 per year is needed (PEW, 11). This figure is based on 2005 statistics. Moreover, states expenditure per prisoner varies with Rhode Island with $44, 860 spending on the top of

Columbian exchange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Columbian exchange - Essay Example Nevertheless, in October 1492 when Christopher Columbus together with his team docked in the Bahamas, the two long-separated worlds: Afro-Eurasia and the Americas were rejoined. Together with the various voyages that ensued, Christopher Columbus’ voyage led to a great disruption of much of the biological separation that the continental drift caused. Following Christopher Columbus’ arrival in the Americas, these two worlds’ plant, animal, as well as bacterial life started mixing. This process is known as the Columbian Exchange. It reunited formerly biologically distinct landmasses and had lasting and dramatic impacts on the world (McNeill 1). This paper describes the Columbian exchange in its four aspects namely biological, demographic, cultural and economic aspects as well as its impacts on Europe, Asia, the New World and Africa. For a long time, the prevailing pattern of biological growth on the globe has been one of geographical variation dictated by the clear fact of the separateness of continents. Rather than identical, organisms have had the tendency of becoming more dissimilar, even in the Amazon, Congo basins among others where climates have been similar. This is owing to the fact that they had little or no contact with one another. People have gone to and lived, or at least spent time the world over. They always carry with them their weeds as well as disease organisms unintentionally, and their crops and domesticated animals knowingly. Because of this, humans have overturned, in the very most recent tick of time, the ancient trend of geographical bio-diversification. The Columbian Exchange was appreciably an extensive swap of fauna, flora, transmissible diseases, customs and ideas between the Western and Eastern hemispheres. It was, in the entire human history, one of the most important events with reference to traditions, the natural environment and farming. Christopher Columbus, who was the first to take a voyage to the Americas in